What is amorphous soft magnetic?
- Time of issue:2021-10-20
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What is amorphous soft magnetic?
Amorphous soft magnetic alloy materials and their formation mechanism We classify matter into two types, crystalline and amorphous, according to the arrangement of atoms.
The arrangement of atoms in matter is neat and orderly called crystal; the arrangement of atoms in matter is chaotic called amorphous. Under normal circumstances, when metals and alloys solidify from liquid to solid, the atoms always change from the chaotic arrangement of the liquid to the neat arrangement, that is, crystals. However, if the solidification rate of the metal or alloy is very fast (for example, the iron-boron alloy melt is solidified with a cooling rate of up to one million degrees per second), the atoms are frozen before they can be arranged neatly, and the final arrangement of atoms is similar. For liquid, it is chaotic. This is amorphous alloy (also known as metallic glass). The cooling rate required for different materials to form amorphous is very different. A single metal needs a cooling rate of more than 100 million degrees per second to form an amorphous state. Restricted by the current technological level, it is difficult to achieve such a high cooling rate in actual production, and it is difficult for ordinary single metals to be made amorphous from production. In order to obtain an amorphous metal, the metal is generally mixed with other substances. When several substances with different atomic sizes and properties are mixed together, an alloy is formed. These alloys have two important properties: ① The composition of the alloy is generally near the so-called "eutectic" point in metallurgy, and their melting point is much lower than that of pure metal. For example, the melting point of FeSiB alloy is generally below 1200 degrees, while that of pure iron The melting point is 1538 degrees; ②Because there are many kinds of atoms, it is more difficult for the alloys to move their atoms when they are in liquid, and it is more difficult to arrange them neatly when they are cooled, which means they are more likely to be "frozen" into amorphous. With the above two important conditions, the alloy can easily form amorphous. In fact, all current practical amorphous alloys are alloys composed of two or more elements, such as Fe-Si-B, FeNiPB, CoZr, ZrTiCuNi, etc. So far, the most developed amorphous alloys at home and abroad are the type of soft magnetic materials used as strong magnets. One of their common points in chemical composition is that they are composed of two types of elements: one is ferromagnetic elements (iron, cobalt, nickel or their combination), which are used to generate magnetism; the other is silicon, boron, and carbon And so on, they are called metalloids, also called vitrifying elements. With them, the melting point of the alloy is much lower than that of pure metals, and it is easy to form amorphous.
Types of amorphous soft magnetic alloy materials:
1. Iron-based amorphous alloy Iron-based amorphous alloy: the main elements are iron, silicon, boron, carbon, phosphorus and so on. They are characterized by strong magnetism (saturated magnetic induction intensity up to 1.4-1.7T), magnetic permeability, excitation current and iron loss and other soft magnetic properties are better than silicon steel sheets, cheap, and most suitable to replace silicon steel sheets, especially low iron loss (It is 1/3-1/5 of oriented silicon steel sheet), replacing silicon steel as a distribution transformer can reduce iron loss by 60-70%. The strip thickness of the iron-based amorphous alloy is about 0.03 mm, and it is widely used in the core of medium and low frequency transformers (generally below 10 kHz), such as distribution transformers, medium frequency transformers, high-power inductors, reactors, etc.
2. Fe-Ni-based amorphous alloy Fe-Ni-based amorphous alloy: mainly composed of iron, nickel, silicon, boron, phosphorus, etc., their magnetic properties are relatively weak (saturated magnetic induction intensity is about 1T or less), the price is more expensive, but magnetic The conductivity is relatively high, it can replace silicon steel sheet or permalloy, used as high-demand middle and low frequency transformer core, such as leakage switch transformer.
3. Cobalt-based amorphous alloy Cobalt-based amorphous alloy: It is composed of cobalt, silicon, boron, etc. Sometimes other elements are added in order to obtain some special properties. Because of the cobalt content, they are very expensive and have weak magnetic properties (saturation magnetic induction). The strength is generally below 1T), but the magnetic permeability is extremely high, and it is generally used in transformers, inductors, etc. in demanding military power supplies to replace permalloy and ferrite.
4. Nano (ultra-microcrystalline) soft magnetic alloy materials. Because the arrangement of atoms in the amorphous alloy is chaotic and disorderly, this special structure makes the amorphous alloy have some unique properties.
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